后布雷顿森林时代显示了全球资本流动、金融创新和全球借贷的巨大爆炸式增长，挑战了国家边界，促进了全球化。在此期间，贸易活动得到扩大，全球金融的发展重新安排了国家社会的关系，并将凯恩斯主义的经济转向了新自由主义政策。获得正确政策的社会和政府的前景是有利的，而那些管理其政治经济的社会和政府也会面临严厉的纪律。国际政治、经济体系的转变，增加了那些能够参与全球金融的人之间更大的差异的可能性。以下情况增加了国家政治经济相互联系的不确定性。坏的和好的效果都不能完全理解，因此很难管理和缓解这种情况。政府实行规章制度来控制形势。市场的波动取决于许多因素。股票价格上涨或下跌的主要因素是投资者的行为。
当投资者增加对某一特定股票的需求时，股市就会出现泡沫。需求的增加导致股票价格的上涨超过其实际价值。当市场上的投资者意识到股票的价格已经远远超过资产价值时，他们开始收回他们的钱。市场上的崩盘可能与对数周期规律泡沫或外部冲击有关。有效市场假说可能受到市场波动的影响。股票的价格随着市场对股票的需求的减少而降低。股票市场的表现取决于市场对股票的需求。历史上，主要股市都经历过崩盘。由于投资者行为的变化，证券、经济、商业部门和股票市场形成泡沫。上世纪80年代，日本经济出现泡沫，当时银行部分解除了管制。上世纪90年代末，互联网泡沫的爆发影响了人们以高价购买股票的股票市场。他们购买股票的目的是为了在将来以高价卖出，这将导致巨大的市场崩溃。当市场、股票和经济出现泡沫时，资源就会转移到快速发展的领域。
The post-Bretton Woods era shows a tremendous explosion in the global capital mobility, financial innovation and global lending that challenges the state boundaries and promoted globalization. The trade activities are expanded during that period and developments in the global finance rearrange relations in the state-society and shift Keynesian economic towards the neoliberal policies. The prospects for societies and governments that get right policies are favourable, and those societies and government that manage their political economies inefficiently can face harsh disciplines. There is a shift towards an international political, economic system which increases the probability of greater differences between those who can participate in the global finance and who cannot. The following circumstances add to the uncertainty about how the national political economies are interconnected. Both bad and good effects are not understood completely, and consequently, it is difficult to manage and mitigate the situation. The government implements rules and regulations to control the situation. The fluctuations in the market depend on many factors. The main factor for the increase or decrease in the stock prices is the behaviour of the investors.
A bubble occurs in the stock market when the investors increase their demand for a particular stock. The increase in demand leads to the increase in the price of the stock above its actual value. When the investor in the market realizes that the prices of shares have increased far beyond the asset value, they start withdrawing their money. Crashes in the market can be linked to either log periodic law bubble or an external shock. The efficient market hypothesis can be affected depending on the fluctuations in the market. The prices of the stocks decrease with the decrease in the demand for the stocks in the market. The performance of stock market depends on the demand of the stock in the market (Blakey, 2008). In history, major stock markets have experienced crashes. Bubbles form in securities, economies, business sectors and stock markets because of the change in the behaviour of the investors. In the 1980s, bubbles occurred in the economy of Japan when banks were deregulated partially. In the late 1990s, the dot-com boom happened that affected the stock market in which people purchased stocks at high prices. They purchase the stocks with the view of selling it at a high price in future which leads to a huge market crash. The resources are transferred in the areas of rapid development when bubbles occur in markets, equities and economies.